Escalating Conflict in Jonglei State

The South Sudan People’s Defence Forces (SSPDF) are preparing for a major operation targeting areas in Nyirol, Uror, and Akobo counties currently held by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army in Opposition (SPLA-IO) and local armed youth groups, often referred to as the “white army.” Fighting has intensified since December, displacing over 100,000 people and exacerbating an already dire humanitarian situation. This latest escalation builds upon a history of cyclical violence rooted in competition for resources and longstanding ethnic grievances.

Beyond Jonglei, civilians across South Sudan continue to bear the brunt of ongoing conflict. Reports detail intensifying violence, repeated displacement, and government aerial bombardments. A government-imposed no-fly zone over opposition-held areas, enacted on January 1st, is severely restricting humanitarian access, hindering the delivery of vital aid to vulnerable populations.

The timing of this offensive is particularly concerning given the existing challenges facing the region. South Sudan is grappling with widespread flooding, acute food insecurity, and limited access to healthcare. Renewed pressure on aid organizations, already stretched thin, threatens to push millions further into desperation. UNICEF reports a critical need for increased funding to address the growing humanitarian needs.

While international humanitarian law mandates that warring parties provide effective warnings to civilians before military operations, these warnings do not justify indiscriminate attacks or forced displacement. The current evacuation orders place particularly vulnerable groups – the elderly, people with disabilities, and those unwilling or unable to flee – at heightened risk.

Incendiary Rhetoric and the Risk of War Crimes

The situation is further complicated by deeply troubling rhetoric from senior officials. General Johnson Olony, deputy chief of disarmament and demobilization of the SSPDF and leader of the government-allied Agwelek militia, reportedly urged forces on January 24th to “spare no lives… not even the elderly… not even a chicken.” This statement, widely condemned as incitement to commit war crimes, echoes the horrific atrocities committed in the past, where defenseless civilians were deliberately targeted.

Targeting civilians and deliberately destroying or looting civilian property constitute war crimes under international law. Commanders and superiors bear responsibility for preventing and punishing such acts committed by their subordinates. While the government has attempted to retract General Olony’s comments, credible disciplinary measures are essential to demonstrate a commitment to accountability.

Did You Know? South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011, but has been plagued by civil war and political instability since December 2013.

The UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) is facing increasing pressure to reduce its presence in the country. However, maintaining a robust presence, intensifying long-distance patrols, and ensuring regular public reporting on abuses are crucial to protecting civilians and deterring further violence. UNMISS plays a vital role in monitoring and reporting on human rights violations.

What steps can the international community take to effectively protect civilians in South Sudan? And how can regional actors contribute to a lasting peace?

The current crisis demands urgent, coordinated action from regional and international actors to avert further suffering and prevent a descent into widespread atrocities. A renewed commitment to peacebuilding, coupled with robust humanitarian assistance and accountability for perpetrators of violence, is essential to securing a future for the people of South Sudan.

Frequently Asked Questions About the South Sudan Crisis

• What is the current situation in South Sudan?

  South Sudan is facing a renewed escalation of conflict in Jonglei state, with the military preparing an offensive against opposition-held areas. This has led to evacuation orders and heightened fears of violence against civilians.

• Who are the main parties involved in the conflict in Jonglei state?

  The main parties involved are the South Sudan People’s Defence Forces (SSPDF), the Sudan People’s Liberation Army in Opposition (SPLA-IO), and armed youth groups known as the “white army.”

• What is the humanitarian impact of the conflict in South Sudan?

  The conflict is causing widespread displacement, food insecurity, and limited access to healthcare. Over 100,000 people have been displaced in Jonglei state alone, and the situation is exacerbated by flooding and other challenges.

• What is the role of the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)?

  UNMISS is responsible for protecting civilians, monitoring human rights, and supporting the implementation of the peace agreement. It is facing pressure to reduce its presence, but its role remains crucial.

• What are war crimes in the context of the South Sudan conflict?

  Targeting civilians, deliberately destroying civilian property, and inciting violence are all considered war crimes under international law. Perpetrators of these crimes must be held accountable.