The Pipeline is Leaking: Why This Matters

State legislatures serve as crucial training grounds for future governors, members of Congress, and national leaders. A decline in younger representation risks stifling innovation, limiting diverse perspectives, and exacerbating existing inequalities within the political system. The current financial realities, coupled with the increasing threat of violence, are creating a barrier to entry for all but a select few.

A First-of-Its-Kind Study Reveals the Depth of the Problem

The report, conducted by Future Caucus, a nonpartisan organization dedicated to fostering collaboration among young policymakers, is one of the most comprehensive analyses of its kind. Researchers conducted 89 interviews with state lawmakers across 31 states, uncovering a disturbing trend of disillusionment and burnout. The study found a staggering 81% of respondents reported that their legislative salaries – averaging $44,320 in 2024 – are insufficient to cover basic living expenses.

Beyond Polarization: The Real Drivers of Departure

While political polarization is often cited as a major factor in declining civic engagement, this report suggests a more nuanced picture. Inside statehouses, many young legislators describe surprisingly collaborative relationships across party lines. The real damage, they say, is being done outside the chambers – through relentless online harassment, amplified threats in the media, and a growing sense of personal insecurity.

The assassination of former Minnesota House Speaker Melissa Hortman and her husband in June 2025 served as a watershed moment, fundamentally altering how many lawmakers assess the risks associated with holding office. Connecticut State Representative Corey Paris, 34, experienced this firsthand, receiving a barrage of death threats after publicly advocating for information sharing regarding ICE activity, even prompting a hostile response from ICE’s official “X” account (@ICEgov).

Delaware House member Michael F. Smith, 41, a Republican, shared the emotional toll this takes on families. “I’ve gotten threatened in person, in the mailbox, in email, you name it. It’s unfortunate how normal it is now,” he said, adding that he frequently contemplates resigning, but is encouraged by his wife to persevere. He also described having difficult conversations with his children, ages 14, 11, and 5, about their personal safety.

Did You Know? The average state legislator salary of $44,320 in 2024 is less than the median household income in the United States.

The Affordability Crisis and a Generational Shift

Layla Zaidane, President & CEO of Future Caucus, emphasizes that the issue isn’t simply an increase in threats, but a lack of adequate support systems for lawmakers. “People imagine them as members of Congress who have staff and bodyguards. No. They’re just regular people who everybody knows where they live,” she explained. She also highlighted the unique economic pressures facing Gen Z and Millennial lawmakers, who came of age during periods of significant financial instability, including the 2008 housing crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Political consultant Sisto Abeyta notes a generational difference in expectations. While previous generations were willing to “pay their dues,” Gen Z and Millennials seek more immediate results. However, Zaidane argues that the current economic climate and the rising cost of living are exacerbating these pressures, making it increasingly difficult for young lawmakers to balance public service with personal financial stability.

What does it say about our political system when serving the public becomes a financial hardship, and even a physical danger? And what kind of leadership are we cultivating when the most dedicated among us are forced to choose between their principles and their families?

Frequently Asked Questions About Young Lawmakers Leaving Office

• What is driving Gen Z and Millennial lawmakers to consider leaving office?

  The primary drivers are escalating political violence, inadequate legislative pay, and a lack of support for families. These factors create an unsustainable environment for many young public servants.

• How does the financial strain impact the ability of young lawmakers to serve?

  With average legislative salaries falling below the cost of living in many states, young lawmakers are often forced to hold second jobs or rely on personal savings, creating a significant financial burden and limiting their ability to fully dedicate themselves to public service.

• What role does political violence play in this trend?

  The increasing frequency and severity of threats against lawmakers and their families are creating a climate of fear and insecurity, leading many to question whether the risks of serving are worth the rewards.

• Is political polarization the sole cause of lawmakers leaving office?

  No, while polarization contributes to the overall climate, the report indicates that the primary issues are financial hardship and threats to personal safety, which transcend partisan divides.

• What is Future Caucus doing to address this issue?

  Future Caucus is advocating for increased support for lawmakers, including improved security measures, fair compensation, and resources for families. They are also working to raise awareness of the challenges facing young public servants.